Dye Project: Blackberry Canes & Leaves

I harvested a renegade California Blackberry (a.k.a., Pacific Blackberry) from a front planter in the new landscape, and decided to try using it for a dye source. According to information on the internet, the cane and leaves yield a yellow dye. 

I cut the cane and leaves into a plastic bucket, and covered them with water to soak overnight. This rinses away dust and small insects. The plant material weighed 680 grams, or 24 ounces.

Blackberry cane and leaves (Rubus ursinus)

For this project, I used two cotton dish towels that had been prepared as described in Preparing your Fabric (Scour, Mordant, Brighten). The towels had been scoured, mordanted with oak gallnut extract, and brightened with alum and soda ash. The weight of fabric (WOF) was 154 grams, or 5.4 ounces. The WOF% was 442% for the 680 grams of canes and leaves.

Extract the Dye

First, extract the dye from the plant material. I allowed several days for this process, but you can speed up the process for each step if you prefer.

After soaking the plant material in clean water, strain off the dirty water using a sieve and place the clean cane and leaves in the dye pot. Pour boiling water over the plant material to cover, and let the mixture steep overnight (or for at least 8 hours). It smells like an herbal tea.

Steep the cane and leaves in boiling water overnight

Bring the mixture to about 180 degrees and let simmer for an hour. Try to maintain the simmer, without exceeding 180 degrees. Inexplicably, setting my electric burner to 195 degrees seems to maintain the temperature perfectly, just under 180 degrees.

Simmer for about an hour

After an hour, let the liquid cool slightly and then strain it through a sieve into a bucket or dye pot. Discard the plant material. The dye bath is a brownish green. 

Strain the plant material from the dye liquid

Dye the Fabric

Next, dye your prepared fabric in the extracted dye. In a bucket, soak the prepared fabric in water for 30 minutes; this makes it easier for the fabric to absorb the dye. In the dye pot, add four teaspoons of alum to the dye bath and bring the temperature back up to a simmer.

Simmer the prepared fabric in the dye bath

When the dye is simmering, squeeze excess water from the fabric and add it to the dye bath. Let the dye bath simmer at around 180 degrees for an hour. Stir the fabric periodically to distribute the dye evenly. Optionally you can test the pH of the dye bath (mine had a pH of 2, which is quite acidic). Remove the dye pot from the heat, and leave the towels in the bath to steep overnight (or for a few hours if you prefer). 

Squeeze out the fabric

Rinse the fabric until the water runs clear

Squeeze out excess dye, rinse the fabric, and then run it through the washing machine without detergent and hang to dry. 

Hang to dry

Wait two weeks to let the dye set, and then wash the fabric with a mild textile soap (like Synthropol or Professional Textile Detergent) and hang it to to dry. The resulting color is a clear yellow.

Blackberry canes and leaves produce a clear yellow

Learn More:

• Plant Dyeing with Blackberry Canes & Leaves - this article was inspiration for my project.
• Plant Dyeing with Blackberries - I book marked this article, but haven't tried it yet.

Landscaping: One Year Report

Today we're celebrating the one year anniversary of our new landscape! It's a good time to take stock and confirm that the garden is growing and thriving. According to Rebecca Kolls of Rebecca's Garden, in the first year perennials sleep, the second year they creep, and the third year they leap. In this post I'm providing a one-year report, comparing against Landscaping: Six Month Report and Landscaping: Finished.

The heuchera and grasses continue to thrive (without the summer weeds)

In November we contracted a monthly landscaping maintenance service. We had let the garden grow naturally for the first six months, so it was quite overgrown when I returned from Alaska in October. We could identify most plants from the planting schedule, but didn't know whether others were weeds or plants from a  wild flower mix of annuals. We decided to hire professionals to get the yard back on track. They do a great job, and I've been learning from them. The garden is fairly low maintenance (once you know what is required), so in time we may switch to a quarterly service and do more of the weeding and grooming ourselves.

The succulent rock garden is filling in

The landscape was designed as a wildlife garden with keystone plants for food and shelter. We added a Bird Buddy bird feeder (with camera), and continue to provide a hummingbird feeder in the side yard and a terracotta bird bath with fresh water daily. We get many visitors to all three. We've also had visiting deer, coyote, turkey, skunk, and neighborhood cats (who are very interested in our bird visitors).

California poppies and grasses line the path to the junipers 

The grass clumps have gained in size (they were started as spindly plugs last spring, and cut back in the winter). The California poppy are much larger this year and back in bloom (several bloomed throughout the winter)! A few pink Clarkia continue to bloom as well. I miss our big legacy trees, but it is exciting to see a couple of small Japanese maples that are thriving and just about to leaf out. The remaining trees (oak, liquid amber, prunus, and juniper) seem to be enjoying more room and the boost of irrigation water plus winter rains. 

The grass mounds by the steps to the lower yard are more established

The "shrub fence" is still a distant dream, but most of the new shrubs are still thriving (we did lose several, so they'll need to be replanted after we investigate why they died). When Mako and Dakota the Huskies came to live with us last year, we wondered if we should rethink the fence at some point. Not in the budget at this time, but worth thinking about in case a new Husky joins our family! 

The shrubs to the right of the gate are slightly taller!

The shrubs by the utilitarian gate are still pretty small (you can almost see them to the right of the gate and left of the tree). They have put on a little height and the two deciduous shrubs have leafed out. All three should eventually provide a privacy screen for the downstairs courtyard. The fall and winter leaves and berries have been cleaned up and moved to the compost bin.

The plants along the front walk have really filled in!

After reviewing the new landscape, I am satisfied about the progress made over the last year. Most of the original plants are still alive, and are growing and thriving. So far we haven't taken steps to make changes or additions to the garden, preferring instead to get to know what we have and how to care for it. But we've been talking about a few projects, such as planting dwarf maple trees in containers and adding some plants to the rock garden. I still want to plant the raised bed with dye plants or herbs, and like the idea of planting some "crops" here and there (it was so much fun to harvest cherry tomatoes in February). I'm also content to enjoy the current garden as perennials move into the "creep" stage of their development!

Plant Hunters: Edith Van Allen Murphey

More plant hunters! This year I'm focusing on women collectors in the Western United States. Our first report is about the self-taught ethnobotanist, Edith Van Allen Murphy (1879-1968), who worked in the Intermountain National Forest lands within Utah, Nevada, western Wyoming, and southern Idaho; and later in California. I first learned about Ms. Murphey while reading Lester Rountree's Hardy Californians (see Plant Hunters: Lester Rountree). In the forward, Judith Larner Lowry describes Murphey as a seed-gathering woman who was contemporaneous with Rowntree, and collected in Mendocino County in California.

Edith Van Allen-Murphey (Sojourn Magazine Winter 96-97)

Edith Van Allen was born in 1879 in New York state. She attended Melvil Dewey's library school at Albany, New York (Dewey invented the Dewey Decimal system of library classification). In 1902 she was recruited to catalog rare books for the University of California at Berkeley and moved across country. In around 1903, failing eyesight prevented her from continuing the work. She moved to the redwoods near Sherwood, just north of Willits, to homestead. She married a neighboring homesteader but divorced two years later. During this time she learned how to live off the land from nearby Pomo natives.

Over the next 25 years, she married two more ranchers, Sanford Lee Redwine of Round Valley and then Will Murphey of Covelo. Both marriages were happy, but left her a widow. While living on these primitive California ranches, she fell in love with Mendocino and developed a passion for rare native flowers. Between chores, she collected specimens, and corresponded with botanist Carl Purdy (1861-1945) of Ukiah, sending them to him for identification and learning from his responses. In 1906, Mrs. Phoebe Hearst commissioned her to collect the best of Northern California Indian basketry for the University of California. In 1925 her third husband, Will Murphey, died and Murphey sold their ranch.

Sam Young (Hayfork Wintu), Edith Van Allen Murphey, and Lucy Young (Lassik)

Murphey realized she was free to follow her passion for plants. From 1925 to 1935 she worked for United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. Their primary interest was to identify and eliminate stock-poisoning plants on Indian cattle and sheep ranges. During this time she lived and worked with eleven Indian tribes gathering data, as the United States Indian Service's only range botanist. The contacts that Ms. Murphey made during her research for the BIA, enabled her to document plant use by indigenous people groups throughout the Intermountain region and the West, and to publish Indian Uses of Native Plants. 

Detail from the Mendocino County History Mural, painted by Judy Pruden
Left to right: Carl Purdy, Sam Young, Edith Murphey, and Lucy Young

In 1927, at the age of 48, she headed to the Mendocino high country in hopes of being a plant collector for John Purdy, who collected and sold California seeds and bulbs all over the world. He refused to hire a woman as a plant collector, but hired her as a cook instead. She was still able to collect plant specimens from spring through fall, and met many visiting botanists during her time with Purdy. From 1935 until her death in 1968, she spent her days in Covelo, California advocating for both native Americans and the amazing biodiversity of California's plants. Artist Judy Pruden included Carl Purdy, Sam Young, Edith Van Allen Murphey, and Lucy Young as botanists on the Mendocino County History Mural, in Ukiah, California.

Learn More

• Edith Van Allen Murphey, Sojourn Magazine Premier Issue, Winter 1996-1997. Written by Liz Helenchild, using original wording by Ms. Murphey where possible. https://creation-designs.com/gracemillennium/sojourn/premiere/html/ed_murphey.html

• Edith Van Allen Murphey Papers, University of Nevada, Reno (microfilm; the originals are in Covelo, California). https://archive.library.unr.edu/public/repositories/2/resources/139
• Indian Uses of Native Plants. Edith Van Allen Murphey (Meyerbooks, Illinois, 1990; and Mendocino County Historical Society, 1958, 1987). Ethnobotanical uses of native plants by indigenous people of the Intermountain area. https://www.amazon.com/Indian-Native-Plants-Edith-Murphey/dp/0916638154

• Hardy Californians, Lester Rowntree (University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006). The forward includes the article, "Lester Rowntree's Horticultural Legacy", by Judith Lowry. On page lxvii, Lowry writes that plant collecting contemporaries Rowntree, Edith Van Allen Murphey, and Willis Linn Jepson loved the freedom and adventure of the automobile while plant collecting. She also notes that Murphey longed to meet Rowntree. https://www.amazon.com/Hardy-Californians-Womans-Native-Plants/dp/0520250516/

• The Lily Man of Ukiah, NYBG LuEsther T. Mertz Library, Plant & Research Guides, Nursery and Seed Catalogs: Carl Purdy and the Bulbs and Wild Flowers of California. Explores the nursery catalogs and professional career of Carl Purdy, who saw and understood the flora of California with an unmatched acuity. Edith Van Allen Murphey served as apprentice and cook for Purdy. https://libguides.nybg.org/c.php?g=655017&p=4597876

Note: search this article for "Edith Murphey: A disciple of Carl Purdy". The side bar article provides more information about Ms. Murphey and her life experiences.

• Lucy Young, Round Valley, podcast: Parts 1 - 7. KZYX Mendocino County Remembered, read by Linda Pack. The saga of a 10-year old Wailaki Indian girl in 1862 who fled from soldiers and from white men who trafficked in Indian children. In 1939, when Lucy was in her 90s, she told her story to her friend and neighbor in Covelo, the ethnobotanist Edith Van Allen Murphey. Lucy Young wanted the truth to be told. https://feeds.transistor.fm/kzyx-mendocino-county-remembered (search for "Lucy Young").

• Mendocino County Historical Mural, painted by Judy Pruden. This mural runs the length of an entire city block on the north wall of the Ukiah Valley Conference Center in downtown Ukiah, California. Panel 25 is devoted to Ukiah botanist and horticulturist Carl Purdy, Covelo ethnobotanist Edith Van Allen Murphey, and Native botanical experts Lucy Young (Lassik) and her husband Sam Young (Hayfork Wintu). https://historymural.com/sections/six/remembrance/#botanists

Field Notes for March 2025

 Welcome back to Field Notes!

March 1, 2025

Earlier this week, Mari and I attempted to join the late-February Over-the-Hills Gang hike at Briones Regional Park. Briones is a wilderness treasure of rolling hills and canyons, surrounded by the towns of Contra Costa County. It is part of the ancestorial home of the Bay Miwok speaking Ohlone people.

Rolling green hills at Briones Regional Park

The Briones Regional Park website provided the GPS coordinates for the Briones Road Staging Area, where we were to meet the Over-the-Hills Gang group. We charted our route via Google Maps. The website mentioned that public Wi-Fi is not available in the park, so navigation systems might not work. After quite a bit of driving, we arrived at the Briones Road staging area, but did not find our group or any cars. We decided to back track and check the Alhambra Staging area, and still did not find our group!

Intrepid hiker

The weather was beautiful, so we decided to seize the day and hike anyway. I'm so glad we did. The rolling hills were green from winter rains and the deciduous oaks were magnificent and structural without their leaves. Several cows with calves grazed on the grass in the distance. We learned about the new Briones Pilot Project that enables Bikes and Hikers access to designated trails on odd-numbered weekend dates; and Horses and Hikers on even-numbered weekend dates. Search the East Bay Regional Park District website to learn more about upcoming Over-the-Hills Gang hikes (but bring an old-school paper map just in case)!

March 3, 2025

While picking up another Mrs. Malory mystery at the Castro Valley Library (this time, Death of a Dean), I checked in on nearby Castro Valley Creek. The creek has been restored to a natural waterway with native plants. I took this shot from the bridge over the stream. The plants around the creek are green from recent winter rains, and the water level is much higher than it was in a previous visit (see Field Notes for December, the December 15 entry, to compare). 

Castro Valley Creek restoration - almost spring

March 6, 2025

Two manzanita shrubs are thriving in our new landscape. They will provide architectural structure near the entryway to the property once they gain some height. Right now they are both only about 18 inches tall, but the pink and fragrant bell-shaped flowers are very sweet.

 

Manzanita blossoms (Arctostaphylos spp.)

March 8, 2025

My husband and I heard the call of a Red-shouldered Hawk while sitting out on the patio. The sound came from the Oak tree overhead. I feared for any spring nests and chicks that may be in danger (although gangs of small birds can often drive away a large predator quite well)!

Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus)

March 10, 2025

I watched this oak titmouse collect stuffing from a torn patio cushion. No doubt the soft material will line its nest. We've also seen birds collect soft fur that was shed by Mako and Dakota the Huskies.

Oak Titmouse collecting stuffing for its nest

March 12, 2025

The currant shrubs in the side yard of our new landscape are full of tiny flowers in a luscious shade of pink!

Red flowering currant blossoms (Ribes sanguineum)

March 15, 2025

This week, Mari, Gaymond and I joined the Over-the-Hills Gang hike to the Ted and Kathy Radke Martinez Regional Shoreline Park (that is a mouthful). The park is located on Carquinez Strait, across from Benicia (recall Benicia and the Delta), and tucked in between the Carquinez Strait Regional Shoreline, the city of Martinez, the Martinez Marina, and Waterfront Park (which includes soccer and baseball fields and an equestrian arena). The area is part of the ancestorial home of the Muwekma Karkin-speaking Ohlone people. I love shoreline hikes, and this one was new to me!

The fishing pier at the Martinez Marina

We remembered our binoculars!

Lots of trails and bridges throughout the marsh

The Martinez Regional Shoreline Park website (link above) includes interesting information about the park, as well as historical information about the town of Martinez, John Muir's association with the area, Joe DiMaggio's start as a baseball player, the origin of Martinis, and more!

Bridge view of Alhambra Creek and Benicia across the Strait

Cookie break at the half-way point on Pickleweed Trail

Not only do these hikes provide exercise and comradery, but they are an excellent way to learn more about the San Francisco Bay Area's flora, fauna, and history. We finished our hike at nearby Slow Hand BBQ for lunch, and a walk around Martinez's charming downtown area. Search the East Bay Regional Park District website to learn more about upcoming Over-the-Hills Gang hikes.

Intrepid hikers (photo by Mari)

March 17, 2025

While at the Martinez Regional Shoreline Park this week, we spotted two Black-crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax). An adolescent and an adult were roosting in a pine tree near the Granger's Wharf staging area (click the pictures to see an enlarged version). They were unperturbed by our large group, standing below them and snapping pictures. It is always surprising when I see herons sitting in trees, since I associate them with the shoreline! 

Black-crowned Night Heron - adolescent

Black-crowned Night Heron - adult

March 19, 2025 🌷

Tomorrow is the vernal equinox – spring is officially here!

March 22, 2025

The Great Backyard Bird Count results are in for 2025! See Great Backyard Bird Count 2025 for information about this annual Citizen Scientist event. Check the 2025 Final Results website for statistics from around the world, and the dashboard to dig deeper into world and local details. 

March 25, 2025

We're having a brief spell of warm weather! It's a great time to plant a couple of Japanese Maple trees in containers (Acer palmatum 'Orangeola'). I've never actually planted a tree in a container, so I'm a little nervous, but doing is the best way to learn! I'm mixing clay pellets with the soil to ensure good drainage, and using an acid soil mix for Azaleas and Camelias. One tree down, and one to go.

Ready to plant a Japanese Maple in a container

Freshly planted Japanese Maple
It is just starting to leaf out, so a little difficult to see!

March 27, 2025

This week, Mari, Gaymond and I joined another Over-the-Hills Gang hike, this time to the Sobrante Ridge Botanic Regional Preserve, which is located high in the hills near Richmond, Pinole, and El Sobrante. The rare Alameda manzanita (Arctostaphylos pallida) grows in the area. The park is part of the ancestorial home of the Ohlone Saklan (or Saclan) group, whose primary language is Bay Miwok. The historical tribal lands ranged from Moraga, to San Leandro Creek, to Lafayette.

View from Sobrante Ridge (photo by Mari)

Good place for a cookie break with a view

The hike was advertised as "hilly", but was still within the realm of possibility for the 55+ crowd. Most of us carried walking sticks or poles for balance, and took the steep sections of the trail at a comfortable pace. The views of San Pablo and Suisan Bays and of Mount Diablo were spectacular; the hills were still green; and we saw a good assortment of spring flowers. Group leader, Anthony Fisher, brought cookies for the half-way point break (Shortbread with Raspberry Jam and Oreos). 

Shady hillside

Mari, Gaymond, and I finished our outing at The Noodle House for lunch (delicious). Search the East Bay Regional Park District website to learn more about upcoming Over-the-Hills Gang hikes.

Intrepid hikers (photo by Gaymond)

March 29, 2025

While at the Sobrante Ridge Botanic Regional Preserve, we spotted a number of spring flowers. Here are a few snapshots, clockwise: Miniature Lupine, Indian Warrior, Checker Lily - bracts, Checker Lily - blossom surrounded by bracts, and Brodiaea. Click the photo to enlarge.

A few spring blooms at Sobrante Ridge

We also saw the rare Alameda manzanitas (Arctostaphylos pallida) that are endemic to the area, but I was so engrossed in them that I forgot to snap a picture! I did take one of this gnarly oak tree with a hollow center. Despite its challenges, the tree still supplies habitat for birds, squirrels, and other creatures, and shade for hikers.

Hollow oak (but still contributing - a lesson for us all)

March 31, 2025

In a couple of weeks, I'll be heading back to Alaska to visit my mom, dad, and brother. Currently high temperatures seem to be hovering in the 50s F, with low temperatures in the 30s. My brother saw the first robin recently, which is a sure sign that spring is on the way to Southeast Alaska. The roads and most of the ground are clear of snow, but the mountain tops are still covered. I'm looking forward to experiencing an Alaskan spring thaw, and being back together with my dear family!

Alaska Airlines on the tarmac in Juneau, Alaska

Great Backyard Bird Count 2025

In February, I participated in the Great Backyard Bird Count. The annual event is hosted jointly by The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Audubon, and Birds Canada. Over a long weekend, citizen birdwatchers from around the world count birds from wherever they are. Two free apps are available for identifying and reporting observations – Merlin ID and eBird. A training webinar is offered in the weeks leading up to the event, and posted online. The GBBC results for the world are reported on their dashboard (use filters to hone in on specific locations). I’ve participated in this fun and important event for the last couple of years (see Counting Birds and Counting Birds for the GBBC).

Use the Merlin ID app to identify birds in your selected area

Use Merlin's Sound ID feature to identify birds by their songs or sounds

This year I submitted two lists on two separate days. Both were made during 15-minute periods, while walking in the neighborhood (up by the reservoir near the oak and redwood grove). This small woodsy area provides plenty of food for birds and trees for cover, with few people in the area to disturb our avian friends.

Use the eBird app to submit bird lists to the GBBC

Use eBird to see what other species have been observed nearby 

I was surprised to see that many of the bird species that I heard and saw in the woodsy area, also frequent the Bird Buddy feeder in our yard. Examples include Oak Titmouse, Chestnut-backed Chickadee, American Robin, House Finch, Song Sparrow, California Towhee, Dark-eyed Junco, and California Scrub-jay. The numbers and varieties explain why our Bird Buddy feeder is depleted of bird seed so quickly (glad to know that the birds are not just relying on the bird feeder for sustenance)! The GBBC is a great way for citizen scientists to contribute data related to one of our favorite hobbies - watching birds in our backyards and in nature.

Spring Watch

The signs of spring are starting to emerge in the San Francisco Bay Area! The temperature is still cool (highs that are between mid-fifties and mid-sixties F, and cooler at night), and we're having a range of weather including strong breezes, morning fog burning off to full sun, rain, overcast skies, and beautiful mild days. The variety is wonderful and plants are responding to the changes in temperature and conditions.

California buckeye (Aesculus californica)

The California buckeye leaves are starting to unfurl in bright spring green. I've been observing the progress on a tree that is located near the reservoir. It is amazing to see the miniature details of the leaves as they open from their protective sheaths. California buckeye is toxic, but Indigenous people processed the seeds to produce a staple food (roasted the seeds, mashed them, and then leached them to remove the poison). They also used the seeds in streams and waterways to stupefy fish for easy capture.

California poppy (Eschscholzia californica)

The California poppies are starting to appear along roadsides, in grassy areas, and in highway medians. The little cup of gold is bound to bring you cheer! This one is growing in our yard along with several others (lots of buds are poised to open). This poppy is the California state flower, grows as an annual and a perennial, and is self-seeding in the right conditions. Indigenous people used the seeds and leaves for food, the petals as a hair dressing and yellow dye, the pollen as a cosmetic; and prepared a tea from the chopped plant as a remedy for headache, toothache, and insomnia.

California lilac (Ceanothus spp.)

The California lilac blooms in shades from pale blue to dark blue to deep purple, as well as white. The flowers are fragrant and pollinators love them! This specimen is in the neighborhood and has been in bloom for several weeks now. Native Americans used the dried leaves as an herbal tea, and used Ceanothus integerrimus to ease childbirth. The Miwok people of Northern California make baskets from the branches.

I've enjoyed the days and weeks of winter, hunkering down at home or walking in the neighborhood and Oakland hills, but seeing the new life emerging makes me eager for the beauty and pleasures of spring!

Indian Uses of Native Plants

This year we're diving into ethnobotany, or "the study of how people use plants in different cultures, regions, and time periods", with special focus on plants that are used for dyeing or decorating fabric or objects. Our first book is Indian Uses of Native Plants, by Edith Van Allen Murphey (1879-1968). The book was published by Meyerbooks, Illinois, 1990; and Mendocino County Historical Society, 1958, 1987. Ms. Murphey served for ten years in the Inter-Mountain area for United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. Their primary interest was to identify and eliminate stock-poisoning plants on Indian cattle and sheep ranges.

The Inter-Mountain area encompasses National Forest System lands within Utah, Nevada, western Wyoming, southern Idaho, and a small portion of California. Four geographic areas come together  in the area—the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, Middle Rocky Mountains, and Northern Rocky Mountains—which are rich with native and endemic species. The contacts that Ms. Murphey made during her research for the BIA, enabled her to gather data on plant uses by various indigenous people groups throughout the region. Ms. Murphey describes that at first the indigenous groups were reluctant to come forward with information, but after learning that the purpose was to document the knowledge so it would not be lost, they came forward willingly and proudly.

The Preface, Forward, and Introduction provide information and context for the book. The bulk of the content is organized into 19 categories, such as Indian Foods, Famine Foods, Feasts, The Salt Journey, Medicinal Plants, Ceremonials and Magic, Bows and Arrows, and Tepees. Each category includes information about plants and their uses, and provides Common Names, Botanical Names, and indigenous names. Some uses are cosmopolitan (shared across tribes), others are unique to specific tribes (often based on the what is available in specific regions). Also included are interesting details, such as how a medicine was prepared, how infants were cared for, and how some of the old methods have evolved in modern times. The backmatter includes Dictionary of Plant Names (Common, Indian, and Botanical), Index of Scientific Names, and Index of Common Names. The scientific names are typically updated with each printing.

Indian Uses of Native Plants is full of information, processes, methods, and lore. My favorite categories include Basketry, Dye Plants, and Tanning Hides. I had assumed that most dyes would be used for fabric and wool, but found they are more often used for basketry and for coloring hides and feathers. Surprisingly, fibers from various plants are woven into a basket to provide color, rather than the basket material being dyed. Alum is a frequent mordant (obtained from plant roots, or from minerals in the desert). Some dye material is naturally high in tannin, so no additional mordant is required (such as Wolf Moss or rock lichens). This book is a gem for anyone interested in ethnobotany in the Inter-Mountain area.